Ingenious by Richard Munson, published by W.W. Norton & Co., is priced at $29.99. Let's delve into the famous kite and lightning storm episode. In the public consciousness, Benjamin Franklin's scientific achievements are often condensed to this single experiment, where he proved that thunderstorm discharges are electric in nature (SN: 10/21/11). A new biography, titled Ingenious, aims to correct some misconceptions about this experiment and Franklin's broader scientific contributions.
While many biographies highlight Franklin's role as a founding father of the United States, author Richard Munson asserts that science was integral to his life. Far from being a mere hobby, scientific research was the cornerstone of Franklin's fame and influence, which in turn supported his diplomatic efforts. Munson emphasizes that 'Science, rather than being a sideline, is the through line that integrates Franklin’s diverse interests.'
The 1752 kite experiment, where Franklin famously flew a kite during a storm, is often oversimplified. Contrary to popular belief, the kite was not struck by lightning. Instead, sparks from the key attached to the kite's string indicated the electric charge in the storm's environment. Franklin was well aware of the risks and took necessary safety measures. Munson describes the experiment as neither 'a lark nor divine revelation,' but rather a conversion of 'a mystery into a wonder.'
Franklin's contributions to electricity studies extended beyond lightning. He proposed that electricity was a single, fluid-like substance, contrary to the prevailing belief of it being dual. Although his theory was simplistic, it laid the groundwork for modern understanding. Franklin introduced the terms 'plus' and 'minus,' or 'positive' and 'negative,' which are still used today to describe electric charges. He also formulated the law of conservation of charge, stating that the fluid could move or be collected but not created or destroyed. Additionally, he differentiated between materials that conduct electricity and those that do not, naming them conductors.
Munson's book traces Franklin's journey through the British colonies, the American Revolution, and the early years of the new nation. Throughout, Franklin's scientific interests spanned geology, botany, and more. Even during intense political negotiations, his mind was captivated by natural wonders. Franklin was also a prolific inventor, with Munson detailing his innovations in printing, lightning rods, and efficient stoves (SN: 7/17/23).
The biography largely overlooks Franklin's involvement in slavery, despite his eventual abolitionist stance. Some readers may find the lack of scientific context unsatisfactory, as Franklin's scientific musings are often presented without contemporary comparisons. Munson, however, focuses on Franklin's joyful approach to science, filled with playful experiments and a humble acceptance of new evidence.
Franklin's political views evolved dynamically, from advocating for colonial loyalty to Britain to supporting independence. Yet, science remained a constant passion. Munson concludes that 'He sought out the clever and displayed an almost boundless curiosity, utilizing imagination and investigation to understand the natural and political environments around him.' Understanding Franklin's science, Munson asserts, is crucial to fully appreciating his legacy.
Source link: https://www.sciencenews.org
